AEC
Name :- Mohinani Harshita pavanbhai
Year :- T.y B.a [ sem - 6 ]
Main subject :- English
Paper name :- AEC
Assignment topic :- class assignment
- Definition and process of communication
:- home assignment
- kinesics
:- Essay on The Power of positive thinking
Teacher's name :- Shivani ma'am
★ class assignment
• Definition and process of communication
● Definition of Communication
The word communication comes from the
Latin word “communicare”, which means to share or to make common.
Communication is a continuous and dynamic process through which individuals exchange information, ideas, thoughts, emotions, and feelings using symbols, signs, language, or behaviour to achieve shared understanding. Communication is not just speaking or writing; it also includes listening, observing, and interpreting non-verbal cues.
Sender → Encoding → Message → Channel → Receiver → Decoding → Feedback
1. Sender (Communicator)
The sender is the person who begins the communication process.
The sender has an idea, thought, feeling, or information that needs to be conveyed to another person.
Role of the sender:
● To have clarity about the message
● To choose suitable words, symbols, or gestures
● To select an appropriate medium
Example:
A teacher explaining a lesson to students.
2. Encoding
Encoding is the mental process of converting the sender’s idea into a communicable form such as words, images, signs, or gestures.
Encoding depends on:
● Language ability
● Cultural background
● Emotional state
● Knowledge level
Poor encoding can lead to misunderstanding.
Example:
A teacher using simple language to explain a difficult concept.
3. Message
The message is the core of communication. It is the actual content or information that the sender wants to transmit.
A message may include:
● Facts
● Ideas
● Opinions
● Feelings
● Instructions
Messages can be:
● Verbal (spoken or written)
● Non-verbal (gestures, facial expressions, tone)
4. Channel (Medium)
The channel is the path through which the message travels from sender to receiver.
Common channels include:
● Face-to-face conversation
● Telephone
● Letters
● Emails
● Social media
● Audio-visual media
Choosing the right channel is important for effective communication.
Example:
Urgent information is better communicated through a phone call than a letter.
5. Receiver
The receiver is the person for whom the message is intended. Communication is incomplete
without a receiver.
The receiver’s understanding depends on:
● Listening skills
● Knowledge
● Attitude
● Emotional state
● Cultural background
6. Decoding
Decoding is the process by which the receiver interprets and understands the message.
Decoding is influenced by:
● Language proficiency
● Experience
● Cultural context
● Psychological state
Misinterpretation during decoding can distort the meaning of the message.
Example:
A student interprets a teacher’s explanation correctly.
7. Feedback
Feedback is the receiver’s response to the sender. It shows whether the message has been understood as intended.
Feedback may be:
● Verbal (questions, answers)
● Non-verbal (nods, smiles, silence)
Feedback makes communication two-way and effective
★ home assignment
- kinesics
Kinesics is the study of body movements such as gestures, facial expressions, posture, and head movements. It explains how our body communicates without using words.
Some body movements are intentional, like nodding the head to show agreement. Many others happen naturally and unconsciously, without us realizing it.
In communication, we mainly use words to express ideas because words are clear symbols of our thoughts. In written communication, punctuation marks help show pauses and emotions. But in face-to-face communication, messages are sent in two ways at the same time:
1. Verbal (spoken words)
2. Non-verbal (body language)
• For example, when you congratulate a friend by saying “Congrats” with a smile and a handshake, the message feels stronger and more sincere than just saying the word alone.
The smile and handshake are part of kinesics, which support and strengthen verbal communication.
Non-verbal communication is usually less conscious and more instinctive than verbal communication. Studies show that less than 35% of the meaning in oral communication comes from words, while more than 65% comes from body language. People often respond
more to what they see than to what they hear.
● Components of Kinesics
Personal Appearance –
Personal appearance is very important in communication because people notice how we look before they listen to what we say. Just as we choose our words according to the audience, we should also dress suitably for the occasion.
Personal appearance includes clothes, hairstyle, accessories, cosmetics, and grooming.
Today, clothing is not only meant to cover the body but also to express one’s personality and attitude. The clothes we wear can highlight our body movements and show whether we are confident, professional, casual, or careless.
Before a speaker even starts speaking, the audience forms an opinion based on
appearance. A neat and appropriate appearance can make the audience feel positive and interested, while an untidy or unsuitable appearance may create a negative or resistant attitude.
Therefore, it is very important to be clean, well-groomed, and properly dressed according to the situation. Our appearance communicates how we see ourselves and how we want others to see us.
★ Posture –
Posture means the way we stand, sit, or walk. Our posture often changes according to the situation and our feelings.
When a person is nervous, they may keep moving, pace around, fidget with things, shrug shoulders, or stand stiffly. These movements show tension and lack of confidence.
With friends or familiar people, posture is usually natural and relaxed because we feel comfortable. But in new or formal situations, like giving a presentation, people become more careful and conscious about how they stand or move.
Certain postures can send negative messages. For example, standing with hands on hips may show aggression or defiance. A relaxed posture, with hands at the sides and the body comfortable, gives a positive impression Standing or sitting in an upright, balanced, and relaxed manner, facing the audience, shows confidence, professionalism, attentiveness, and good organization. Overall, posture reveals
a lot about a person’s attitude, confidence, and emotions.
• Slumped posture—low spirits
• Erect posture—high spirits, energy, and confidence
•Lean forward—open, honest, and interested
•Lean backward—defensive or disinterested
•Crossed arms—defensive and not ready to listen
• Uncrossed arms—willingness to listen
Gesture –
A gesture is a movement of the hands, head, or face used to express ideas or feelings.
Good and suitable gestures support and strengthen verbal communication. A well-timed gesture helps to explain a point clearly and makes the message more effective.
However, awkward or unnecessary gestures, such as playing with a key chain, buttons, or rings, can distract the listener and reduce the impact of the message.
Gestures help to clarify or reinforce ideas, but they should match the audience and the situation. There are many kinds of gestures, and their meanings can differ from person to person. Researchers have found that there are thousands of hand gestures, each carrying different meanings.
Gestures should be natural, spontaneous, and limited. They should not draw attention away from the speaker’s words. Irritating habits like cracking knuckles, twisting objects, or tightly clasping hands should be avoided.
● Enumerative—numbers
● Descriptive—size of the objects
● Symbolic—abstract concepts
● Locative—location of an object
● Emphatic—emphasis
★ Facial expression -
Along with postures and gestures, facial expressions also play an important part in
non-verbal communication. The face is the most expressive part of our body. A smile stands for friendliness, a frown for discontent, raised eyebrows for disbelief, tightened jaw muscles for antagonism, etc. Facial expressions are subtle. They can be used in a variety of ways to
aid, inhibit, or complement communication. The face rarely sends a single message at a time. Instead, it sends a series of messages—facial expressions may show anxiety, recognition, hesitation, and pleasure in quick succession.
Facial expressions are difficult to interpret. Though there are only six basic expressions,
there can be many shades and blends of these. Also, people tend to hide their true feelings, and project expressions that are appropriate according to the circumstances. The six basic
facial
expressions are:
Happiness • Surprise
•
Disgust • Fear
•
Anger • Sadness
★ Eye Contact
Eyes communicate attention and emotions.
● Direct eye contact → confidence, honesty
● Avoiding eye contact → nervousness, lack of interest
● Excessive staring → aggression or dominance
Eye contact is an important part of non-verbal communication. By looking into someone’s eyes, we can understand their feelings, honesty, and confidence.
Making gentle eye contact helps to build trust and connection with the listener. It shows that the speaker is interested, sincere, and confident. Too little eye contact may show nervousness, while too much can feel like staring. Eye contact habits differ in different cultures, but in professional situations, polite and pleasant eye contact is always important.
★ Essay on The Power of positive thinking :-
• The Power of Positive Thinking
• Introduction :-
In today’s fast-moving and competitive world, people often face stress, failure, and disappointment. In such situations, the way we think plays a very important role in shaping our lives. Positive thinking means having an optimistic attitude and expecting good results even during difficult times. It does not mean ignoring problems, but it means facing challenges with hope and confidence. The power of positive thinking can transform a person’s life by improving mental health, increasing confidence, and helping achieve success.
Understanding Positive Thinking
Positive thinking is a mental attitude that focuses on the bright side of life. It means believing in yourself and trusting that hard work will bring good results. A positive thinker does not give up easily. Instead of saying, “I can’t do this,” they say, “I will try my best.” This small change in thinking can create a big difference.
Positive thinking also involves self-belief. When we believe that we are capable and strong, we perform better in studies, work, and relationships. Our thoughts influence our actions, and our actions decide our future.
* Impact on Mental Health
One of the greatest benefits of positive thinking is improved mental health. When we think positively, we feel less stress and anxiety. Our mind becomes calm and focused. Positive thoughts reduce fear and help us manage difficult situations more effectively.
• For example,
if a student fails an exam, a negative thinker may feel hopeless and depressed. But a positive thinker will see it as a lesson and an opportunity to improve. This attitude protects mental peace and emotional balance.
Positive thinking also reduces the chances of depression. It helps in building resilience, which means the ability to recover quickly from setbacks.
Impact on Physical Health
Positive thinking not only affects the mind but also the body. Studies show that people who think positively often have better health. They experience lower stress levels, better sleep, and stronger immunity.
When we stay positive, our body releases fewer stress hormones. This improves heart health and overall well-being. A calm and hopeful mind leads to a healthier body.
* Role in Achieving Success
Success is closely connected to mindset. People who believe in themselves are more likely to achieve their goals. Positive thinking increases motivation and determination. It encourages us to keep trying even when we fail.
Many successful people in the world have faced failures before achieving success. What made them different was their positive attitude. They believed that every failure was a step toward success.
Positive thinkers see challenges as opportunities. Instead of fearing problems, they try to solve them. This attitude leads to growth and improvement.
Improving Relationships
Positive thinking also improves relationships. A person with a positive attitude spreads happiness and hope. Such people are easier to talk to and build strong bonds with others.
When we think positively about others, we avoid unnecessary misunderstandings and conflicts. Forgiveness, patience, and kindness become easier. As a result, our personal and social life becomes peaceful and joyful.
* How to Develop Positive Thinking
Positive thinking is not something we are born with; it can be developed. Some simple ways to develop it are:
Practice gratitude every day.
Focus on solutions instead of problems.
Avoid negative self-talk.
Surround yourself with positive people.
Learn from mistakes instead of regretting them.
By practicing these habits regularly, anyone can develop a positive mindset.
* Conclusion
In conclusion, the power of positive thinking is truly life-changing. It improves mental and physical health, increases confidence, strengthens relationships, and helps achieve success. Life is full of ups and downs, but our attitude decides how we handle them. A positive mind turns obstacles into opportunities and failures into lessons. Therefore, we should choose to think positively and believe in ourselves, because a positive thought today can create a better tomorrow.
